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Research Progress on Spirulina Phycocyanin

Abstract: This paper summarizes the progress of research on extraction, purification, physicochemical properties, physiological activity and product development of Spirulina cyanobacteria in recent years, and suggests that the main directions of research in the next few years are the extraction process, drug development and quality control methods.

Spirulina is a genus of Cyanobacteria in the family Cyanobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Segmented Plants, and Trematoda, and is a filamentous, multicellular, spiral-shaped, prokaryotic algal organism with a high protein content and a fast reproduction rate [1, 2]. Spirulina includes various strains such as Spirulina obtususus, Spirulina major and Spirulina salina. Spirulina is rich in protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, chlorophyll, β-carotene and polysaccharides, and it is an ideal food and drug resource for human beings [3].

The phycobiliprotein contained in Spirulina is an important light-trapping pigment protein, mainly composed of phycocyanin (pC), allophycocyanin (ApC) and phycoerythrin (pE). Phycocyanin is a safe and non-toxic protein resource, which is not only a valuable food and erbium protein resource in nature, but also superior in the study of the original theory of photosynthesis. Polysaccharides and cyanobacterial proteins are important active substances in Spirulina [4]. In recent years, domestic and foreign researchers have shown that Spirulina has various functions such as anti-fatigue, anti-radiation, anti-virus, tumor inhibition, anti-allergy, and immunity enhancement, which determines that Spirulina and its active ingredients have a wide range of application prospects in the research and development of functional foods [5].

Phycocyanin is a kind of photosynthetic auxiliary pigment commonly found in cyanobacterial cells, it is a special kind of pigment protein, which consists of open-chain tetrapyrrole compounds and de-assisted proteins bonded by sulfur chains[6], and its theoretical research and application have been widely emphasized in recent years. The content of phycocyanin in Spirulina is as high as 1O%~2O%, and it is an important natural pigment for photosynthesis in Spirulina cells, and it can preferentially transfer light energy to photosystem Ⅱ in photosynthesis with a high efficiency of nearly 1OO% [7, 8].

Phycocyanin can be widely used as a natural pigment in food, cosmetics, dyes and other industries. Meanwhile, the strong fluorescence of phycocyanin can be made into fluorescent reagents, fluorescent probes, fluorescent tracer substances, etc., which can be used in clinical diagnosis, immunochemistry and bioengineering and other research fields [9, 10]. As an important physiological active ingredient, it can also be made into pharmaceuticals for medical care. Meanwhile, phycocyanin is also an ideal photosensitizer without toxic side effects [8].

Due to the good development prospect of algal blue protein and its high content in Spirulina, the study of algal blue protein in Spirulina has become a hot spot of algal protein research. In this paper, the research progress of Spirulina cyanobacterial protein in terms of extraction, purification, physicochemical properties and physiological activities in recent years will be introduced.

1 Extraction

The extraction of Spirulina cyanobacterial protein is often divided into two processes: egg white dissolution and egg white precipitation. Algal blue protein is an intracellular protein, to make it dissolved firstly, the cell wall and cell membrane of the cell should be broken so that it can be dissolved in the extracting solution in a soluble state, and then it should be precipitated by suitable methods, and its activity should be maintained in the extraction process. The current state of research shows that the extraction of Spirulina cyanobacterial protein is still in the stage of experimental research, and its extraction methods are not the same. Zheng Jiang [11] summarized the cell crushing methods: repeated freezing and thawing method, chemical reagent treatment method, swelling method ultrasonic method and tissue mashing method 5, protein precipitation methods: salinization, crystallization, isoelectric point precipitation and ultrafiltration method and other four methods.

1 In the cell breaking method, due to the longer extraction period of the swelling method, ultrasonic extraction rate is poor, etc., the more commonly used is the repeated freezing and thawing method and chemical reagent treatment method, but there are some differences between the two. Lin Hongwei [12] et al. used sodium dodecyl sulfate (sDs) to destroy the cell membrane of Spiroplasma obtusely to extract cyanobacterial proteins, the extraction rate was as high as 98%, and significantly better than the control group extracted by freeze-thawing method.

Zhang Yifang [13] et al. used kcl and lysozyme to extract algal blue protein from Spirulina cell wall, and the wall-breaking rate reached more than 95%, and compared with the freeze-thaw method, that the freeze-thaw method is only suitable for the preparation of small amount of samples, and it is difficult to freeze-thaw the samples in large doses quickly, while the lysozyme method is suitable for the preparation of large amount of algal blue protein. Due to the addition of chemical reagents, it is difficult to increase the purification process in the later stage, and it is easy to cause protein denaturation if it is not handled well, while the freeze-thaw method is simple and convenient to operate. Therefore, the freeze-thaw method is more commonly used to extract small amounts of algal blue protein.

In practice, several methods are often used in order to maximize the dissolution of cyanobacterial proteins. For example, Gao Tianrong [14] and Wang Yong [15] used repeated freeze-thawing and ultrasonic methods to rupture the cell wall of Spirulina. Lin Hongwei[12] and others used the washing cycle freeze-thaw method to extract Spirulina alginata, and the results showed that the extraction rate of Tween2O as the extraction reagent could reach 65.1%, which was higher than that of the buffer cycle freeze-thaw method.

1.2 After the cells are broken, the alginate is dissolved in the extraction solution, and it is very important to choose the appropriate method for precipitation. Isoelectric point precipitation method utilizes the characteristic that the solubility of protein is the smallest when it is at the isoelectric point. By adjusting the pH value of the solution to the isoelectric point of alginate, the solubility of alginate will be reduced and precipitate will be precipitated. Zhang Yifang [13] and Tang Zhaohui [16] used this method to precipitate algal blue protein. However, it is generally believed that alginate blue protein is more sensitive to pH, and poor pH control during precipitation may cause protein denaturation.

Salt precipitation of algal blue egg white is more commonly reported in the literature, and its precipitation effect is generally recognized. Ammonium sulfate solution is a commonly used salt solution, and Zhang Yifang[13] and others have used magnesium sulfate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and ammonium sulfate solutions to compare with ammonium sulfate solution for hydrodialysis, and the results showed that ammonium sulfate hydrodialysis effect was good, and the other hydrodialysis effect was poor. However, there are many opinions about the concentration of ammonium sulfate for salting out. More often, ammonium sulfate solution with 5O% saturation is used for precipitation [4, 12, 17], and there are some cases in which saturation of 30%~60% is used [15, 18].

Lin Hongwei [19, 2O] and others used 7O% and 80% ammonium sulfate solution. Hu Yibing [21] and others used different concentrations of ammonium sulfate solution to establish a segmented gradient salting out to separate and purify the cyanobacteria of Spirulina platensis, and the results were good. H. W. Siegleman [22] concluded that the cyanobacteria could be separated from the alpha cyanobacteria by salting out with different concentrations of ammonium sulfate solution, while Peng Weimin [23] concluded that it was not possible to separate the cyanobacteria from the alpha cyanobacteria by salting out with ammonium sulfate. However, in the study of Peng Weimin [23], it was not possible to separate phycocyanin from allocyanin by ammonium sulfate salting out. Nevertheless, the extraction of cyanobacterial proteins from Spirulina has to be treated with ammonium sulfate in order to obtain the crude extract of cyanobacterial proteins.

2 Purification Methods

The content of impurity protein in the extract of Spirulina alginata is very high, and the purity ratio of alginate protein (A62O/A28O) should be more than 4.O before it can be used in practical applications [11]. Therefore, it is necessary to further purify the crude extract, remove the impurity proteins and improve the purity of alginate blue protein. Currently, the purification methods reported in the literature include hydroxyapatite column chromatography, gel chromatography, ion exchange method and less frequently used diatomite column chromatography. In practice, it is often necessary to use two or more methods at the same time in order to get better results.

Wei Ping[18] extracted alginate from Spirulina major by adsorbing the crude extract of alginate on a column with DEAE-sephadex A-25 and hydroxyapatite (HA), and then analyzing the eluate of alginate on the HA column and passing it through a G-15O column. The results showed that a homemade hydroxyapatite column was used to obtain alginate with a purity ratio of 4.18, and the alginate was analyzed on a G-15O column to obtain a single alginate with a single composition. Hu Yibing[21] and others used hydroxyapatite chromatography and sephadex G-1OO gel chromatography to obtain alginate with a purity ratio greater than 5.O. Yin Gang[24] and others used hydroxyapatite chromatography and sephadex G-1OO gel chromatography to obtain alginate with a purity ratio greater than 5.0. Yin Gang[24] and others used sephacryls-2OO gel chromatography and hydroxyapatite column chromatography to separate and purify the algal blue protein from cultured Spirulina obtusususus, and obtained the pure algal blue protein.

Zhang Chengwu[4] and others purified the alginate from Spirulina obtususus by chromatography and filtration on a sephadex G-1OO column twice for electrophoretically pure alginate. Yin Gang[25] and others also studied the isolation and purification of alginate from Spirulina obtusususus using DEAEsepharose FF ion exchange and hydroxyapatite adsorption, and the alginate was identified as electrophoretically pure by isoelectric focusing. Yin Gang[26] and others used hydroxyapatite and sephadex G-1OO for column chromatography to isolate the alginate with a purity ratio of 4.71. The alginate was purified by isoelectric focusing. Peng Weimin[23] and others used hydroxyapatite column chromatography to purify algal bile protein from Spirulina to obtain algal blue protein with high purity.

Lin Hongwei[19, 2O] and others obtained alginate with a purity ratio of 4.1 from spirulina by using a diatomaceous earth 545 column with graded elution followed by DEAE-cellulose ion exchange purification. Zhang Jianping[27] , et al. obtained a purer alginate from Spirulina by hydroxyapatite column chromatography followed by dextran gel chromatography on a sephadex G-15O column. Wang Y[15] established a purification procedure for sephadex G-2OO, DEAE-sephadex A-25, HA, and SePhadex G-2OO. The results of this method were satisfactory, with a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and the purity ratio was as high as 14, which exceeded the highest value of 1O reported both domestically and abroad.1 The combined use of multiple purification methods was also typical. This is a typical example of the combined use of multiple purification methods.

3 Physical and chemical characterization

Because of the broad application prospect of phycocyanin, the study of the physicochemical properties of phycocyanin has become an important topic in the development of Spirulina.0 In recent years, the study of phycocyanin has been deepened to the molecular composition, and greater progress has been made in the study of other physicochemical properties.

3.1 Spectral Characterization

Spectroscopy is one of the important properties of cyanobacterial proteins, and the study of spectral properties provides an important basis for the identification of cyanobacterial proteins in Spirulina. At the same time, the maximum absorption of cyanobacterial proteins can also be utilized for the determination of protein content, which provides a simple and effective method for the quality control of cyanobacterial proteins. However, due to the differences in the cyanobacterial proteins of different strains of Spirulina and the purity of the cyanobacterial samples used by the researchers, the reported spectral properties of the cyanobacterial proteins differ.

Yin Gang [26] et al. showed that there were characteristic absorption peaks at 278nm, 36Onm, and 62Onm in the UV-visible spectrum of Spirulina obtusususus 0 Wei Ping [18] et al. found that the alginyl cyanide of the purified Spirulina obtusususus was scanned by UV-visible spectrophotometer, and the characteristic absorption peaks were found at 62Onm and 348nm 0 Chengwu Zhang [4] et al. measured the maximum absorption wavelength at 62Onm in the UV-visible spectrophotometer 0 Peng Weimin [17] et al. used UV-visible spectrophotometer to obtain the maximum absorption wavelength at 62Onm in the UV-visible spectrophotometer 0 Peng Weimin [17] et al. Zhang Chengwu [4] measured the maximum absorption of purified Spirulina obtususifera phycocyanin at 62Onm by UV-visible scanning. 0 Peng Weimin [17] and others used UV-visible spectrophotometry to determine that the maximum visible absorption of Spirulina obtusifera phycocyanin was at 62Onm, and used fluorescence spectrophotometry to determine that its fluorescence emission peak was at 645 nm at room temperature.

The results of Wang Yong [15] showed that the absorption wavelength of phycocyanin in Spirulina salina was 615 nm under the condition of PH 7.O. When the PH decreased, the maximum absorption peak of phycocyanin shifted to blue, and when the PH increased, the peak shifted to red; the fluorescence excitation peaks of phycocyanin in neutral condition were located at 590 nm and 635 nm, and the fluorescence emission peaks were located at 650 nm only. Zhang Erxian [28] et al. determined that the maximum absorption peak of algal blue protein was at 625nm, and its fluorescence emission peak was at 648nm.0 Yin Gang [24, 26] et al. also determined the infrared spectra of algal blue protein, which showed that algal blue protein had absorption peaks at 32OO, 165O, 155O, 11OO, 1O5O, and 65Ocm-1 , thus providing a richer basis for the identification of algal blue protein. The results showed that algal blue protein had absorption peaks at 32OO, 165O, 155O, 11OO, 1O5O and 65O cm-1 , thus providing a more abundant basis for the identification of algal blue protein.

3.2 Amino Acid Composition of Algae Blue Protein

The amino acid composition of the protein is conducive to the further understanding of the internal structure and active groups of the algal blue protein, and also provides a theoretical basis for other properties of the algal blue protein.0 Yin Gang [24, 26], Liu Qifang [29], and Li Jianhong [9] studied the amino acid composition of the algal blue protein in Spirulina, and the results showed that the composition of the cyanogenic acids of different strains of Spirulina is basically the same.0 Zhang Chengwu [4] analyzed the amino acid composition and content of the bile protein of Spirulina obtusususus, and concluded that except for tryptophan, which was not measured, the algal blue protein contained 14 amino acids, only trace amounts of histidine and proline, and lack of methionine. Zhang Chengwu [4] analyzed the amino acid composition and content of Spirulina bile protein, and concluded that, except for tryptophan which was not measured, the cyanobacterial protein contained 14 amino acids, with only trace amounts of histidine and proline, and a lack of methionine.

Peng Weimin [17] analyzed the amino acid composition of phycocyanin in Spirulina obtusususus by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the results showed that the amino acid compositions of phycocyanin and other algal cyanoproteins were similar, with the highest content of Phenylalanine (Phenylalanine) followed by Aspartic Acid (Aspartic Acid), Glutamic Acid (Glutamic Acid), Tyrosine (Tyrosine), and the lower content of Proline (Proline) and Histidine (Histidine). Meanwhile, the ratio of acidic amino acids to basic amino acids in alginate was 2.14, which was higher than that of alginate (1.92), and therefore alginate was considered to be an acidic protein, which also explained why alginate had a lower isoelectric point than other alginates as reported in [29].

3.3 Biochemical characterization

3. 3. 1 Isoelectric point

The isoelectric point is one of the most prominent properties of proteins. The isoelectric points of Spirulina cyanobacterial proteins have been reported differently, but all of them are in the range of 3.4-4.8 [4, 13, 24, 26, 29]. This is probably due to the differences in the nature of cyanobacterial proteins in different strains of Spirulina, and another reason is that different purity of cyanobacterial proteins affects the consistency of the results of the assay. It was also found that the isoelectric points of algal blue proteins were generally lower than those of other algal blue proteins, which may be related to the amino acid composition of the proteins [17].

3. 3. 2 Studies on algal blue protein subunits

Current research suggests that phycocyanin is composed of two α and β subunits with different molecular weights, usually a hexamer of the two subunits (αβ)15], but the molecular weights of the subunits are not the same as those of the other subunits. Zhang Chengwu [4] and others showed that purified phycocyanin is composed of two subunits, α and β, and that their molecular weights are 145OOμ and 15OOOμ respectively, as measured by 12% sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The α and β subunits of Spirulina obtususifera were composed of two subunits and their molecular weights were measured to be 145OOOμ and 15OOOμ0 Zhang Erxian [28] measured the molecular weights of the two subunits of phycocyanin to be 149OOμ and 172OOμ0 Peng Weimin [17] performed a regression analysis by using the relative mobility of the standardized proteins (X) and its corresponding molecular weight in terms of the logarithm of the molecular weight (Y) as the parameters, and the obtained equation of regression was: Y= 1. O228X ten 5. 12. O228X x 5. 1255 (R2= O. 9889), the molecular weights of the α-subunit and β-subunit of the cyanobacterial protein in Spirulina obtusususus were calculated to be about 16.3 KD and 18.9 KD, which were similar to those in the literature [30,31].

3.4 Algae blue protein stability study

Zhang Yifang [13] studied that alginate blue protein is stable below 40℃, its pigment starts to decompose at 45℃, the optical density of the solution decreases gradually, the optical density of the solution decreases rapidly at 50℃, and the optical density of the solution at 70℃ decreases by 75% compared with the original one, the sugar solution can increase the stability of the alginate blue protein to the heat, the effect of the illumination on the alginate blue protein is small, the illumination of 5,100x for 6Oh, the optical density of the solution treated with PH5 does not change. It was also shown that the optical density of algal blue protein was stable in the range of PH4.O~8.5, the optical density was unchanged, and the color of the solution became lighter when the PH value was higher than 8.5 or lower than 4.O. The results of the above studies showed that the algal blue protein was more sensitive to the temperature and PH, but insensitive to light, which was of great significance for the control of the conditions of algal blue protein in the process of extraction, purification and preservation.

4 Physiological activity studies

Phycocyanin is one of the important active ingredients in Spirulina. The results of clinical studies have shown that phycocyanin in Spirulina has the effect of improving immunity, promoting animal cell regeneration and inhibiting cancer cells [32]. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the physiological activity of algal blue protein in depth. Currently, the focus of research is mainly on the study of anticancer activity, and at the same time, some progress has been made in the study of other activities.

4.1 Research on anticancer activity

Dong Qiang [33] et al. investigated the anticancer activity of alginate cyanine (PC) on HeLa cells by two methods, and demonstrated that PC had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of HeLa cells, and the inhibitory rate of PC reached 31.0% when the concentration of PC was 8Omg L-1. Shen Haiyan[34] and others used semi-solid agar culture method and MTT assay to determine the effect of Spirulina alginate on the growth of human blood cancer cell lines HL-6O, K-562 and μ-937. These three tumor cells were treated with different concentrations of cyanobacterial proteins under in vitro culture conditions, and the results showed that Spirulina cyanobacterial proteins inhibited the growth of these three tumor cells to different degrees, and there was a concentration-dose effect, with a strong inhibitory effect at high concentrations.

Guo Baojiang[35] and others investigated the inhibitory effect of selenized alginate from selenium-enriched cultured Spirulina obtusususus on hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Guo Baojiang[36] and others also studied the inhibitory effect of photoimmobilized alginate on hepatocellular carcinoma cells 74O2 in vitro. The experiment showed that, when the initial concentration of immobilized alginate was 2O μg/well, the inhibition rate of 74O2 cells reached 55%, and the inhibition rate of the cancer cells decreased when the concentration continued to increase, and then increased back to 55%, 66% and 66% when the concentration of alginate was as high as O.5mg/well and 1mg/well. When the concentration of cyanobacteria reached O.5mg/well and 1mg/well, the inhibition rate rebounded to 55% and 66%.

4.2 Other Activity Studies

Spirulina alginate also has some activity in other areas. Wang Yuanxun[37] and others found that feeding extracted Spirulina cyanobacteria alginate to mice significantly improved exercise endurance. Zhang Chengwu[38] demonstrated that Spirulina alginate had anti-radiation effects in animal experiments, and the results also showed that alginate may promote the recovery of hematopoietic function in irradiated animals. Tang Mei[39] and others found that phycocyanin could promote PHA-induced proliferation of normal mouse splenic lymphocytes, enhance the hemolytic capacity of plaque-forming cells and the content of hemolysin in the serum, and significantly resist the damage of hydrocortisone to the immune function of the organism.

Zhao Jingquan [4O] et al. investigated the scavenging effect of alginate from Spirulina on hydroxyl radicals by using a competitive reaction kinetics method, and the results showed that alginate had a strong scavenging effect on hydroxyl radicals, and the scavenging rate constants were measured to be in the range of (2.8~5.6) × 1O9L mol-1 S-1. Tang Mai [41] et al. studied the effect of phycocyanin (PC) in Spirulina on the function of human peripheral lymphocytes, and the results showed that PC could promote the transformation of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes, and there was a dose-dependent relationship. The results showed that PC could promote the transformation of lymphocytes stimulated by PHA, and there was a dose-dependent relationship. PC could restore the ability of T cells to form E rosettes after being damaged by cyclophosphamide, especially the ability to form active E rosettes (Ea).

Experimental studies have shown that Spirulina cyanobacteria have physiological activities such as anti-tumor, anti-radiation, anti-fatigue, enhancement of immunity and scavenging of free radicals, etc., which provides an important basis for decision-making on the development of Spirulina in the field of functional foods and medicines.

5 Research on algal blue protein products [42, 43]

Phycocyanin is an important active ingredient in Spirulina, and its unique physicochemical properties have been emphasized in product development research. The School of Life Sciences of Peking University used the purified algal blue protein monomer from Spirulina mud preparation to couple with purified DFI antibody, and then purified the coupling product to obtain the antibody labeled with algal blue protein, which is a fluorescent probe. The Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Sciences have also carried out the development of fluorescent markers and diagnostic reagents for algal bile protein, and researched on diagnostic reagents and diagnostic kits (screening, labeling and detection techniques of fluorescent reagents, etc.), and are expected to obtain a technology to replace other fluorescent markers and enzyme markers, as well as a popular algal bile protein-labeled diagnostic kit for surface antigen of Hepatitis B Virus.

At the same time, algal blue protein for food research, especially functional food research has made great progress, China has more than 10 kinds of spirulina tablets and capsules, according to different functions approved by the Ministry of Health as health products. However, because the extraction of algal blue protein in Spirulina is still in the stage of experimental research, there is no suitable industrial production process, so that the commercial price of algal blue protein is expensive and its application is limited to a certain extent.

6 Conclusion

The research of Spirulina in China began in 1970s, after more than 30 years of research and development, although there is a great progress, but mostly at the laboratory level. According to the literature, it is difficult to extract and purify the active ingredient of Spirulina cyanobacteria, and its mature technology still needs a period of research and exploration. Meanwhile, there are not many functional foods based on cyanobacterial proteins, and there is still no research and development of pharmaceuticals.

Therefore, in the next few years, the research and development of algal blue protein will mainly focus on the following aspects: Firstly, exploring a method of preparing large amount of algal blue protein suitable for industrialized production, reducing the cost of algal blue protein, and promoting its extensive development and utilization. Secondly, according to the results of the research on the activity of algal blue protein, the development of algal blue protein will be expanded from functional food to the development of medicines and medical diagnostic reagents, so as to develop its utilization value at a deeper level. Thirdly, we will continue to study the physical and chemical properties of algal blue protein and establish a good quality control method to provide quality assurance for the research and production of algal blue protein products, especially medicines.

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[38] Zhang Chengwu, Zeng Zhaoqi, et al. Protective effects of polysaccharides and cyanobacterial proteins of Spirulina obtususus on acute radiation sickness in mice [J], Journal of Nutrition, 1996, 18(3) : 327~33O.

[39] Tang Mei, Jin Ying, et al. Effects of Spirulina alginata blue protein on the immune function of mice , Journal of Jinan University (Nature and Medicine)[J], 1998, 19(5) : 93~97.

[4O]ZHAO Jing-Quan , ZHANG Jian-Ping . Kinetics of reaction between algal chitin and hydroxyl radicals by pulsed irradiation [J], Science Bulletin , 2OOO, 45(1) : 32~36.

[41] Tang Mei , Jin Ying , et al. Effects of Spirulina alginata proteins and polysaccharides on the function of human peripheral blood lymphocytes [J], Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) , 1998(4) : 63~67.

[42] Li Dingmei. Development Overview and Prospects of Microalgae Industry in China (I)[J], Grain and Feed Industry , 2OO1, (5) : 26~27.

[43] Hou Jianshe. Research and Development of Spirulina Foods in China [J], Food Research and Development, 2OOO, 21(4): 23~26.

#Spirulina #Phycocyanin #Phycocyaninpowder

#nutrition #veganfood #health products #healthy food

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mourningcrypt · 1 year ago

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Medical Monday: What was Catherine of Aragon’s real cause of death?

Catherine of Aragon, first wife of King Henry VIII- passed away at age 50 on January 7, 1536 while in exile following the divorce in 1533 at Kimbolton Castle. When news arrived to the court of the former queen’s passing- rumors spread she died due to poisoning- which was done in some way by Henry. How he acted after the news would almost prove he was guilty. He and his second wife, Anne Boleyn wore yellow- which its debated if it was a sign of mourning as it was believed yellow was the color of mourning in Spain, or if it was a sign of celebration. Henry would even cry “God be praised that we are free from all suspicion of war!” Now he and his new queen could be together in peace it seems. (Though we all know how long that lasted)

Eustace Chapyus- imperial ambassador would write in a letter to Charles V on January 9th- noticing that Catherine fell ill after consuming a welsh beer stated “[Her] illness began about five weeks ago… It was a pain in the stomach, so violent that she could retain no food.” After consulting her Physician, Miguel de la Sola- they both would draw the poisoning conclusion, writing “He said he was afraid it was so, for after she had drunk some Welsh beer she had been worse, and that it must have been a slow and subtle poison for he could not discover evidences of simple and pure poison; but on opening her, indications will be seen.”

But, actually- poison was not what caused the death of Catherine. Despite Henry’s harsh choice to celebrate his exes death, the more plausible cause of her death by historians was more believed to be cancer, specifically cancer of the heart or a melanotic sarcoma. A melanotic sarcoma is a malignant kind of tumor often affecting the pigmentation of cells. Which often makes the color of it very dark or even black.

Prior to burial, her body would be prepared by a servant (chandler) of the household, not a physician. Chapuys would chronicle the procedure to Charles in a January 21st letter by saying her internal organs were healthy, “except the heart, which was quite black and hideous”. As well as including “some black round thing which clung closely to the outside of the heart”, which is believed to be a secondary melanotic sarcoma. The chandler even going as far as to cut the heart in half and attempting to wash off the black from the heart, but to no avail. Though, at the time- Cancer was not an understood cause, which is why the quick belief of poison was more accepted.

During her last days, it was reported she was very weak, had stomach pains and was unable to keep food down. When researching sarcoma symptoms; weight loss, abdominal pain, and fatigue would be found as main contributors.

Unfortunately given the centuries between Catherine’s passing and medical advances we are unable to concretely diagnose what she went dealt with in her final moments on this earth, but with the letters from Chapuys its gives us a glimpse of understanding as to what more likely happened to the once Queen of England.

Sources for research: The death of Catherine of Aragon, Catherine of Aragon’s Black Heart and Poison: The Primary Sources, Medical History: Black Hearted

#medical monday #mourningcrypt #catherine of aragon #tudor history #the tudors #tudor era #henry viii #tudors

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the-tf2-apprentices · 4 months ago

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How many apprentices are there, anyway?

Ross: Nine of us. Like the originals.

Agustina: You already know me and Ross. I'm a Spy-in-training and she's a Sniper-in-training. And I mentioned Pigment, Engie's kid, and Charlie, Medic's boy. They're the ones taking these recordings and doing hell knows what.

R: Pigment's not his actual name. But he likes us to call him that.

A: Yeah, like Ponyo. That's Pyro's apprentice. It's not her real name either, but it's cute! And it fits her.

R: Agata is Heavy's apprentice, Quinn is Demo's, Skye is Scout's, and Nick is Soldier's.

A: I'm pretty sure Solly's still fooled into thinking Nick is an American boy. Her real name's Nicoletta, but it sounded a little too Italian to be safe around him.

R: Oye, remember how he yelled at me for having 'long hippie hair'?

A: Obvio! He thought Ross was a guy.

R: Didn't realize it was a nickname for Rosaria. [muttering] Ross fits better anyway.

A: Wait, Pigment is waving from over there. What is he- oh- okay- yeah, we HEAR YOU, STOP YELLING!!!!

R: Heheh.

A: Okay, Mentos escaped his little mancave for about 0.3 seconds to tell us that apparently, we have to tell the voice recording that all the apprentices and mentors can take questions. Aaaaaand now he's gone.

R: Working? It's 7pm.

A: The strange thing is that he actually really likes it. Mierda, even Spy lets me stop after 6.

R: Every day, I'm more grateful I got put with one of the most... uh... uno de los relajados.

A: Relaxed.

R: Yeah. One of the most relaxed teachers here.

A: Well, as relaxed as a mercenary defying death can be, anyways!

R: Right.

//OOC: The lore continues!!

#team fortress 2 #team fortress oc #team fortress two #tf2 #tf2 ask blog #tf2 oc #tf2 oc askblog #tf2 oc rp blog #tf2 ocs #tf2 roleplay #tf2 soldier #tf2 solly #tf2 spy #tf2 engineer #tf2 mercs #tf2 sniper

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fashioneditswebsite · 11 months ago

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Why vitamin E should be part of your skincare regime

Anti-aging, pollution-fighting, and blemish-calming discover why vitamin E beauty is trending. Recently, the use of Vitamin E in the skincare regime has surged in popularity due to the 'glass skin' trend. TikTok-ers are posting videos on how to get the look by using Nivea Creme and a vitamin E oil capsule. Mix them, smother them all over your face, and you can have glass skin. But not all experts believe it’s a good idea. If you’re worried you may look sweaty rather than dewy, you can reap the benefits simply by investing in products that already contain vitamin E. After all, it’s gorgeously suitable for all skin types. @drsomjiskin 🌟 @NIVEA – a timeless classic in the world of emollient creams! ✨ #SkincareSecrets #NiveaLove #EmollientMagic #SkinScience #VitaminECream #Cosmeceuticals #HealthySkinJourney #BeautyEducation #TimelessSkincare #SkinBarrierHealth #NourishYourSkin #InstaBeautyTips #SkinCareRoutine #GlowingSkin #SelfCareSunday #SkinCareCommunity #BeautyBasics #LoveYourSkin #HealthyHabits #SkinCareAddict #BeautyKnowledge #EducateYourself #SkinCare101 #NaturalBeauty #SkinCareEssentials #HealthySkinHappyLife ♬ Lofi Vibes - Gentle State “Vitamin E is an important fat-soluble antioxidant and has been used in dermatology for more than 50 years,” says Molly Arnold, a registered associate nutritionist at Holland & Barrett. “It can help protect from negative effects of oxidative stress caused by UV exposure and pollution.” That sounds great. But perhaps more importantly, she notes that incorporating vitamin E into a skincare routine may also help reduce blemishes and the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Vitamin E has moisturizing, soothing, and anti-aging properties that people frequently praise. “Vitamin E is often found in a cream or oil format that can be used topically, either on the face or on the body,” says Dr Eleanor Bradley, No7 Beauty science credentialing manager. “You can find vitamin E infused in face moisturizers or serums or in more concentrated ampules, often in combination with other antioxidant vitamins, like vitamin C. “My suggestion would be to incorporate a moisturiser or serum containing vitamin E into your morning skincare routine, to enjoy the full benefits of this ingredient, including protection against free radicals and the environment.” When it comes to pollution, living in an urban environment can lead to dryness, irritation, sensitivity, and even hyperpigmentation, according to Dr Ifeoma Ejikeme, a medical consultant skin expert and founder of Adonia Medical Clinic. “In a study on the How We Shop platform, 54% of those interviewed experienced dryness, and 82% of those interviewed were concerned about how pollution adds to this. Vitamin E is not only a powerful antioxidant, but also an effective moisturizer.” Vitamin E is found in many skincare and makeup products, including moisturizers, serums, eye creams, lip balms, foundations, and lipsticks. Ejikeme suggests looking for it listed as tocopherol or tocopheryl acetate in the ingredients. 7 of the best vitamin E beauty products 1. Now, Vitamin E soft gels Solgar Vitamin E softgels $27.41 If you’d rather ingest your vitamin E, take one of these capsules daily with plenty of liquid. 2. Institut Esthederm Into Repair SPF 50 Institut Esthederm Into Repair SPF 50 This wonder fluid helps to diminish pigmentation and sun spots while giving you high UVA and UVB protection. Active ingredients include vitamin E to help smooth skin and protect from damage. 3. Eminence Organic Skin Care Rosehip Triple C+E Firming Oil Rosehip Triple C+E Firming Oil $118 Eminence Organics Rosehip Triple C+E Firming Oil flawlessly accomplishes all three. It was expertly developed as an all-encompassing anti-aging serum. 4. Vitamin E Facial Moisturizer Malin + Goetz (New York) Moisturizer $52 This lightweight moisturizer keeps your skin balanced and hydrated all day. Its quick-absorbing formula is intensely nourishing, delivering just the right amount of moisture without feeling greasy or sticky. 5. No7 Protect & Perfect Intense Advanced Serum Intense Advanced Serum $27.99 This intensive serum is packed with vitamins A, C, and E to re-energize tired skin and protect it from environmental stress. 6. Kai Body Lotion Kai Body Moisturizer $42 This moisturizer contains a combination of vitamin E, wheat germ oil, and rice bran oil to keep skin feeling soft and radiant for daily hydration. Read the full article

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cleverhottubmiracle · 2 months ago

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Dark circles under the eyes are a common beauty concern that many people face, often leading to frustration as they can make a person appear tired or older than they are. However, it’s important to recognize that not all dark circles are created equal. The root causes can vary significantly, and understanding which type you’re dealing with is essential for effective treatment. Some dark circles are hereditary, passed down through genetics, while others may be the result of lifestyle habits like lack of sleep, dehydration, or excessive screen time. Additionally, aging and medical conditions can contribute to the appearance of dark circles, as the skin under the eyes becomes thinner and more translucent over time. Being aware of the type and cause of your dark circles is the first crucial step in finding a long-lasting solution. This understanding will guide you toward the most effective treatment and set you on a path to healthier, more radiant skin. While we might not always admit it, dark circles can create an uneven skin tone, and their presence often affects our confidence—especially when we go makeup-free. By addressing the root cause and applying the right remedies, you can restore balance to your complexion and regain that boost of confidence you deserve. What are the types of dark circles? Photo: Tima Miroshnichenko/Pexels Here are the types of dark circles many experience: #1. Pigmented Dark Circles These dark circles are often brown or black-tinted and are caused by hyperpigmentation. This can result from genetics, excessive sun exposure, or inflammation. People with darker skin tones are more prone to this type. One way to identify them is that the discoloration remains even when stretching the skin or adjusting the lighting. Treatment: Topical treatments, sun protection, chemical peels, or laser therapy are common solutions. Vitamin C, kojic acid, licorice extract, and niacinamide can help brighten the skin, while daily use of SPF can prevent further pigmentation. For more intensive treatment, AHA or glycolic acid peels can exfoliate and lighten the skin, and laser therapy can target melanin production to even out skin tone. #2. Vascular Dark Circles Vascular dark circles are bluish or purplish-tinted and occur due to poor circulation, thinning skin, or fluid retention. This type of dark circle is more noticeable in people with fair skin. These circles may become less visible when you gently press the skin. Treatment: To treat vascular dark circles, cold compresses can reduce puffiness and constrict blood vessels, while caffeine-based eye creams improve blood circulation and de-puff the under-eye area. Lymphatic drainage massages encourage fluid movement and reduce swelling. Additionally, retinol creams can help thicken the skin over time, reducing the visibility of underlying blood vessels. #3. Structural Dark Circles These dark circles appear hollow or shadowed and are often caused by the loss of collagen and fat under the eyes due to aging, genetics, or weight loss. You may notice these dark circles appear deeper in certain lighting or when tilting your face. Treatment: Injectable fillers can restore volume and smooth out hollows, while microneedling and laser therapy stimulate collagen production. Hydrating eye creams can also help plump the skin and reduce the appearance of shadows under the eyes. #4. Mixed Dark Circles Mixed dark circles are a combination of pigmentation, vascular, and structural factors. These circles can change in appearance depending on lighting, skin stretching, and pressure. Treatment: To treat mixed dark circles, eye creams that combine brightening, hydrating, and circulation-boosting ingredients work best. Since the cause is a mix of factors, a combination of treatments—like laser therapy, fillers, and topical treatments—could be the most effective. A change in lifestyle, including better sleep, staying hydrated, and maintaining a balanced diet, can also help improve the condition. By understanding the specific type of dark circles you have, you can choose the most effective treatment for your unique skin needs. Prevention tips for dark circles Photo: Ketut Subiyanto/Pexels Here are some effective tips on how to prevent dark circles: Sleep 7-9 Hours: Adequate rest is essential to avoid fatigue-related dark circles, which can make your under-eye area appear tired and dull. Stay Hydrated: Dehydration can worsen under-eye darkness. Make sure to drink plenty of water throughout the day to keep your skin hydrated. Use Sunscreen: Daily SPF is a must to protect against sun-induced pigmentation, which can contribute to the darkening of the under-eye area. Limit Salt and Alcohol: Cutting back on salt and alcohol intake can help reduce fluid retention and puffiness, both of which exacerbate dark circles. Manage Allergies: Allergies can lead to nasal congestion and inflammation around the eyes. Proper management of allergies can prevent dark circles from worsening. Understanding the type of dark circles you have—whether pigmentation, vascular issues, or structural changes—is the first step in finding the right treatment. Once you know the cause, you can target the treatment to significantly improve the appearance of your under-eye area. If over-the-counter treatments aren’t effective, consulting with a dermatologist can help you explore more advanced solutions like laser treatments or fillers. Featured image: peakSTOCK/iStock For the latest in fashion, lifestyle, and culture, follow us on Instagram @StyleRave_ —Read also Vivian Bens A creative writer with a voracious appetite for fashion, beauty, lifestyle and culture. As one who's passionate about the advancement of the woman, creating content that inspire smart style and living, and positive lifestyle changes is a calling I take seriously. At Style Rave, we aim to inspire our readers by providing engaging content to not just entertain but to inform and empower you as you ASPIRE to become more stylish, live smarter and be healthier. Follow us on Instagram @StyleRave_ ♥ !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s) if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function()n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments); if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0'; n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)(window, document,'script', ' fbq('init', '496558104568102'); fbq('track', 'PageView'); !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s)if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function()n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments);if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)(window, document,'script',' !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s)if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function()n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments);if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)(window, document,'script',' fbq('init', '1453079628754066'); fbq('track', "PageView"); Source link

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norajworld · 2 months ago

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ellajme0 · 2 months ago

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chilimili212 · 2 months ago

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oliviajoyice21 · 2 months ago

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vlccinstitute33 · 3 months ago

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Vlcc School Vitiligo and Associated Myth

Vitiligo can be a psychologically devastating disease, especially for patients with darker skin photo types, such as those with brown or black skin. The term Vitiligo is believed to be derived from “vitium”, meaning “defect” or “blemish”.

Vitiligo is a disorder in which white patches appear on the surface of the skin in different parts of the body

1 This happens because the cells that make pigment (color) in the skin are destroyed.

2 These cells are called melanocytes.

Vitiligo is a pigmentary disorder of the skin, which is caused by circumscribed and de-pigmented macules forming patches on the skin. Vitiligo is a progressive disorder in which some or all of the melanocytes in the affected skin are selectively destroyed. Vitiligo affects 0. 5% – 2% of the world population. Although several theories have been proposed about the pathogenesis of vitiligo, the precise reasons for this disorder are still unknown. Generally agreed upon principles and theories suggest that the disorder emanates due to the absence of functional melanocytes in vitiligo skin and a loss of his to-chemically recognized melanocytes, owing to their destruction. However, the destruction is most likely a slow process resulting in a progressive decrease of melanocytes.

Additionally it is believed that genetic factors may influence the age of onset of vitiligo. The inheritance of vitiligo may include:

1 Genes associated with the biosynthesis of melanin,

2 Response to oxidative stress, and

3 Regulation of autoimmunity.

Myth 1: Vitiligo is an outcome of the wrong combination of foods, for instance, milk and fish consumption.

Fact: Factually, vitiligo has no link with diet or particular foods. It is irrational to deprive patients of food items like lemon, curd, tomatoes, and pickles in the hope of diminishing the possibility of the disease.

Myth 2: People with vitiligo disorders are lesser productive in their mental or physical proficiencies. Fact: Vitiligo is limited entirely to the skin. It has no relationship with or does not influence or affect any other organ.

Myth 3: Vitiligo is a kind of leprosy and is communicable.

Fact: Vitiligo is in no way linked to leprosy. It is not infectious or contagious and, hence, cannot pass on from one person to another.

Myth 4: Vitiligo is connected to serious skin diseases, such as skin cancer and albinism.

Fact: There are transparent dissimilarities among each of these syndromes, and these diseases are not linked to Vitiligo.

Myth 5: Vitiligo is untreatable.

Fact: Medications like steroids, Ultraviolet A, immune modulator drugs and the newer narrowband Ultraviolet B are accessible treatments to prevent the spread of vitilog in the body. There also exist several surgical options to remove the white patches caused by Vitiligo.

#skincourseinstitutedelhi #skintreatmentdiplomacourses #skincar

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personalsuggestionsforall · 5 months ago

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Top Dermatologist Clinics in Dubai: Your Guide to Expert Skin Care

Overview Of Dermatologist Clinics In Dubai

Dubai boasts a diverse range of dermatologist clinics that cater to various skin health needs. The clinics utilize cutting-edge technology, enabling specialists to provide effective solutions for conditions like acne, eczema, and skin aging. Advanced diagnostic tools and treatment methods, including laser therapy and chemical peels, simplify accurately targeting skin issues.

The patient-centric approach stands out in many clinics. I’ve noticed that many practitioners prioritize thorough consultations, ensuring that treatment plans align with each patient's unique needs. This personalized care often includes detailed skin assessments and tailored skincare regimens, fostering clearer communication between patients and dermatologists.

Many facilities also emphasize ongoing education, adopting the latest research and techniques in dermatology. Clinicians frequently attend workshops and conferences, enhancing their knowledge and skills. This commitment to professional growth not only enriches their practice but also demonstrates a dedication to providing high-quality care.

Access to specialized treatments is another hallmark of Dubai’s dermatologist clinics. Patients can find offerings such as Mohs surgery for skin cancer, acne scar revision, and advanced anti-aging procedures. These options ensure comprehensive care for those seeking to enhance their skin's health and appearance.

Lastly, patient comfort is paramount. Most clinics feature inviting environments designed to reduce anxiety during visits. Warm, welcoming staff further enhance the experience, creating an atmosphere conducive to healing and relaxation. In my experience, this compassionate approach significantly impacts the overall satisfaction of patients seeking care.

Key Services Offered

Dermatologist clinics in Dubai provide a comprehensive array of services designed to address diverse skin concerns. These services combine advanced technology with personalized care, ensuring effective and satisfying outcomes for patients.

General Dermatology

General dermatology caters to common skin conditions, such as acne, eczema, and psoriasis. I’ve noticed that thorough evaluations of a patient's skin history play a crucial role in determining effective treatment plans. Clinics often employ diagnostic imaging and skin analysis tools to pinpoint issues. Treatments typically include prescription medications, topical therapies, and lifestyle recommendations tailored to individual needs. Frequent follow-ups help monitor progress and adjust therapies as necessary, fostering a collaborative approach between the patient and dermatologist.

Cosmetic Dermatology

Cosmetic dermatology focuses on enhancing aesthetics and addressing signs of aging. I find that non-invasive procedures, such as Botox and fillers, have gained popularity for their immediate results and minimal downtime. Chemical peels and microdermabrasion are commonly offered to improve skin texture and tone. Clinics often utilize advanced laser technologies for hair removal, pigmentation issues, and skin rejuvenation. These cosmetic procedures not only improve physical appearance but also boost confidence, as many patients experience enhanced self-esteem after treatment.

Specialized Treatments

Specialized treatments address complex skin conditions and concerns that require expertise. I’ve observed that clinics in Dubai frequently offer Mohs surgery for skin cancer, which ensures precision in removing cancerous cells while preserving surrounding skin. Additionally, advanced anti-aging treatments, including laser resurfacing and radiofrequency therapy, target specific signs of aging. Condition-specific therapies for issues like rosacea or hyperhidrosis also receive attention, utilizing the latest innovative techniques. Patients benefit from customized plans that consider their unique needs, ensuring optimal outcomes.

Overall, dermatologist clinics in Dubai emphasize a patient-centered approach across various services, prioritizing effective treatment and patient comfort.

Choosing The Right Dermatologist Clinic

Selecting the right dermatologist clinic in Dubai requires careful consideration to ensure optimal skin care. Effective treatment hinges on finding a clinic that meets both personal needs and professional standards.

Factors To Consider

Credentials and Experience Verify the credentials of dermatologists, including board certifications and their experience in managing specific skin conditions. It’s essential to choose practitioners who specialize in areas relevant to your needs.

Treatment Options Explore the range of treatments offered. A comprehensive clinic should provide both general dermatology and cosmetic services, such as laser therapy and injectables. Availability of advanced procedures reflects a commitment to stay abreast of the latest in dermatological science.

Technology and Facilities Evaluate the technology and equipment used. Clinics that regularly update their diagnostic tools and treatment methods often deliver better outcomes. Access to modern facilities signifies an ongoing investment in quality care.

Patient Experience Consider listening to other patients' experiences. Reviews and testimonials can provide insights into patient satisfaction and care quality. A clinic that values patient comfort and actively seeks feedback demonstrates professionalism.

Location and Accessibility Assess the proximity of the clinic to your home or workplace. Easy access simplifies follow-up visits, which can be critical for ongoing treatment.

What Treatments Do You Recommend for My Condition? Clinicians should provide personalized treatment plans tailored to my specific needs. Understanding their rationale for recommended treatments helps gauge their expertise and experience.

What Are the Expected Outcomes and Recovery Times? Knowing what to expect post-treatment, including recovery times and potential side effects, is crucial for preparing for the procedure.

How Do You Ensure Patient Safety and Comfort? A responsible clinic prioritizes patient safety. Asking about protocols for hygiene and emergency procedures can indicate how seriously the clinic values patient well-being.

What Ongoing Support Is Available After Treatment? Clarifying the availability of post-treatment follow-ups and support can enhance patient outcomes. It shows a commitment to long-term care rather than just a quick fix.

How Do You Stay Current with Advancements in Dermatology? Understanding a dermatologist's approach to continued education reflects their dedication to practicing evidence-based medicine. This ensures the clinic remains up to date with the latest techniques and treatments.

Choosing a dermatologist clinic in Dubai involves assessing expertise, treatment options, and patient-centric practices. Engaging in thorough research and asking pertinent questions plays a key role in this important decision-making process.

Patient Experiences And Reviews

Patient experiences and reviews play a crucial role in shaping perceptions of dermatologist clinics in Dubai. Many individuals share their journeys, detailing personal transformations and improvements in skin health following treatment. Common themes emerge from these reviews, highlighting the impact of expert care, effective communication, and innovative treatments.

Success Stories

Success stories often illustrate the effectiveness of various treatments available at dermatologist clinics. Many patients experience significant improvements in skin conditions, like acne and eczema, after personalized care. For instance, I’ve come across numerous testimonials where individuals reported visible changes in their skin clarity within just a few weeks of treatment. Patients frequently mention the confidence boost they receive after successful cosmetic procedures, such as laser treatments or chemical peels. These stories underscore the importance of tailored treatment plans, with patients noting how consultations helped address their specific concerns.

Additionally, success can be attributed to the continuous support provided by the dermatology teams throughout the treatment process. Patients frequently praise the follow-up appointments that allow for adjustments in their skincare regimens, ensuring optimal results. This ongoing relationship fosters trust and enhances overall satisfaction with their care, reinforcing the notion that personal attention leads to profound results.

Common Concerns

Common concerns often arise among patients seeking treatment in dermatologist clinics. Issues such as the fear of pain during procedures and skepticism about treatment effectiveness frequently surface. Many patients express anxiety about the side effects of certain treatments, ranging from redness to peeling skin. In my observations, transparent communication between dermatologists and patients plays a vital role in alleviating these fears. Clinics that take the time to thoroughly explain procedures and expected results often receive higher satisfaction ratings from patients.

Cost is another significant concern, with many individuals evaluating their options based on affordability without compromising quality. Reviews frequently reflect this perspective, with patients seeking balanced information regarding treatment costs and anticipated outcomes. Many also emphasize the importance of understanding the clinic's policies on follow-up care and satisfaction guarantees, which contribute to patient peace of mind.

Ultimately, patients often seek reassurance regarding their decision, so actively engaging with reviews that detail others’ experiences becomes crucial. Through shared experiences, potential patients gain insights that can ease their reservations, making the journey toward healthier skin more approachable.

Cost And Insurance Options

Assessing the cost of dermatology services in Dubai involves understanding various factors. Prices for consultations generally range from AED 300 to AED 800, depending on the dermatologist's experience and the clinic's reputation. Additional treatments, such as chemical peels or laser therapies, can cost between AED 1,000 and AED 5,000, depending on the procedure's complexity. For more specialized treatments like Mohs surgery, fees can exceed AED 10,000 based on the required care.

Insurance coverage significantly influences out-of-pocket expenses. Many clinics in Dubai accept a variety of health insurance plans, which may cover services like consultations and treatments. It's crucial to verify specific coverage details with your provider, as some plans may exclude certain procedures or require pre-authorization. I often recommend checking your insurance policy beforehand to understand what costs might remain after coverage.

Payment options can also impact treatment accessibility. Many clinics offer flexible payment plans or financing options for those who prefer to spread costs over time. Some even provide package deals for multiple sessions or services, which can present significant savings. Moreover, clinics occasionally run promotional campaigns for certain treatments, presenting additional opportunities for reduced pricing.

I’ve experienced the importance of transparent pricing firsthand, as upfront discussions with the clinics alleviate any concerns about hidden fees. Engaging in conversations about costs and insurance options during initial consultations helps establish a clear financial understanding, allowing me to focus on treatment rather than unexpected expenses.

Conclusion

Finding the right dermatologist clinic in Dubai can transform your skin health journey. With so many options available it's crucial to prioritize clinics that emphasize expert care and innovative treatments. I've seen firsthand how personalized approaches and advanced technology can lead to significant improvements in various skin conditions.

Whether you're dealing with acne eczema or seeking cosmetic enhancements the commitment to patient comfort and satisfaction stands out. By doing thorough research and considering patient experiences you'll be better equipped to make an informed decision. Ultimately investing in quality dermatological care can make a world of difference in achieving your skin goals.

#dermatologist clinic in dubai

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